Inventors in several countries begin experimenting with battery-powered vehicles starting in the early 1800s. Robert Anderson in Britain is credited with developing the first electric carriage around 1832 -- a half-century before the invention of the gasoline-fueled automobile. William Morrison, an Iowa chemist, demonstrates the first such model in the U.S., basically an electrified wagon, around 1890. On April 29, 1899, Belgian race-car driver Camille Jenatzy is first to go faster than 100 kilometers (62 miles) per hour, in an electric vehicle he develops himself called La Jamais Contente (Never Satisfied). Electric taxis are popular in cities toward the end of the century. Unfortunately, they’re involved in the first recorded U.S. motor-vehicle fatality, when Henry Bliss is hit by an electric New York cab on Sept. 13, 1899.
早在19世纪初，几个国家的发明家就开始试验用电池驱动汽车。英国的Robert Anderson于1832年左右发明了第一辆电动马车；爱荷华州化学家William Morrison与1890年左右展示了美国首款此类型车——基本上可以说是一辆电气化货车；1899年4月29日，比利时赛车手Camille Jenatzy第一次将一辆他自己开发的电动车开出了超过每小时100公里（62英里）的速度，他将这辆车命名为La Jamais Contente（永不满足）。世纪末，电动的士在城市中开始流行。不幸的是，1899年9月13日，Henry Bliss被纽约一辆电动计程车撞击身亡，这是美国第一起有记录的机动车伤人致亡案。
Left: An article from the Pittsburg Dispatch in 1891 reports the arrival of an “electrical carriage” from Iowa. Second left: An 1897 article in the Abbeville Press and Banner reports on electric cabs in New York. Top: Traffic in New York in the 1900s. Bottom: Jenatzy in La Jamais Contente after a race in 1899.
Source: Library of Congress(2); Getty Images (2)
左图：1891年Pittsburg Dispatch的一篇文章报道了爱荷华州的“电动车”的到来。第二个左边：阿布维尔新闻和横幅的1897年文章报道了纽约的电动出租车。上图：20世纪的纽约交通。下图：在1899年的一场比赛后，La Jamais Contente的Jenatzy。
资料来源：国会图书馆（2）; Getty 图片（2）
About a third of all vehicles on U.S. roads are electric, powered via a network of charging stations. Automakers market the cars to women, spiffing them up with fancy upholstery, flower vases, clocks and even makeup kits. Companies tout them as quieter, cleaner and easier to operate than gasoline models. Henry Ford and Thomas Edison work on a “cheap and practicable” electric automobile that will “run for 100 miles,” Ford tells reporters in 1914, but they eventually abandon the project. Ferdinand Porsche -- who developed his first car, the electric P1, at the end of the previous century -- creates the world’s first gasoline- and battery-powered hybrid.
美国道路上约三分之一的车是通过充电站供电的电动车。汽车制造商为了向女人们推销汽车，并给车加入精美内饰、花瓶、钟表甚至化妆包等元素。公司吹嘘说电动汽车燃油汽车更加安静、干净、易操作。Henry Ford 和 Thomas Edison正在研发“经济实用”并能“行驶100英里”的电动车，Ford（福特）1914年曾向记者透露，但他们最终放弃了这个项目。Ferdinand Porsche（保时捷）在上世纪末开发了他的第一辆车，这也是世界第一辆汽电混合动力车，被命名为electric P1。
Left: Advertisement for Baker Motor Vehicle Co. from 1912. Top right: An experimental electric Ford. Bottom right: A woman uses a hand-cranked battery charger to charge an electric Columbia Mark 68 Victoria automobile in 1912.
Source: Ford Motor Co./Flickr; Getty Images (3)
左图：1912年贝克汽车公司的广告。右上图：实验电动福特。右下图：1912年，一名女性使用手摇电池充电器为哥伦比亚Mark 68 Victoria汽车充电。
资料来源：福特汽车公司/ Flickr;盖蒂图片社（3）
The popularity of electric vehicles declines because of demand for Ford’s mass-produced Model T and other gasoline-fueled vehicles, along with widespread adoption of self-starters, introduced in 1912 to replace balky hand cranks that required a lot of muscle. By the early 1930s, few battery-powered cars are left on the road. A new use emerges in 1954, when Lektro introduces one of the first commercial electric golf carts. In 1959, National Union Electric Corp. modifies 100 Renault Dauphines to run on batteries; the new versions are called Henney Kilowatts. Only 47 are ordered, mainly by electric utilities. In the 1960s other companies, including General Motors and American Motors, produce concept models in response to growing concerns about air pollution from the public and state and local governments.
因福特汽车大规模生产T型车和其他汽油车，电动车的热度有所下降。随之而来1912年，自动点火装置推出，需要大力手摇的启动摇柄退出舞台。二十世纪三十年代初，路上只剩下很少的电动车。1954年，Lektro推出首批商用电动高尔夫球车。1959年，美国联合电器控制公司改装了100辆Renault Dauphine（法国雷诺一车型）为电池供电；改装后的车型被称作Henney Kilowatts——只收到47张订单，主要来自电力公司。二十世纪六十年代，包括通用汽车和美国汽车等公司制造了概念模型，用以应对公众、州政府和地方政府对于空气污染日益严重的担忧。
Top left and bottom right: A Henney Kilowatt in 1966. Top right: Lektro electric golf carts. Bottom left: A GM Electrovair II. Center: The “chargicator” on an electric car in 1967.
Source: LEKTRO, Inc.; General Motors LLC; Getty Images (3)
左上角和右下角：1966年的Henney Kilowatt。右上：Lektro电动高尔夫球车。左下图：GM Electrovair II。中心：1967年电动车上的“战斗机”。 资料来源：LEKTRO，Inc.;通用汽车公司; Getty图片社（3）
Battery power gets a promotional boost in 1971 and 1972 as the world watches NASA’s electric Lunar Roving Vehicle -- engineered and built by Boeing and GM -- bounce around on the moon. Soaring gasoline prices later in the decade cause automakers and the U.S. Department of Energy to explore alternative fuels, with GM developing a prototype urban electric car in 1973 and Sebring-Vanguard bringing out its CitiCar. But limited range and performance issues hinder widespread acceptance, spurring work on battery technology.
随着全球观看由波音公司和通用汽车公司设计和制造的美国宇航局电动月球车 - 在月球上蹦蹦跳跳，电池电源在1971年和1972年得到了推动。在这十年后期飙升的汽油价格导致汽车制造商和美国能源部探索替代燃料，通用汽车于1973年开发出城市电动车原型，而Sebring-Vanguard推出了CitiCar。但有限的范围和性能问题阻碍了广泛的接受，刺激了电池技术的工作。
Left: A GM Urban Electric at the EPA Ann Arbor laboratory in 1973. Center: A film clip from an Apollo astronaut of the Lunar Roving Vehicle on the surface of the moon. Right: A CitiCar used at NASA in 1976. Bottom: Astronaut James B. Irwin works at the Lunar Roving Vehicle with Mount Hadley in the background in 1971.
Source: Frank Lodge/National Archives; NASA (3)
左图：1973年EPA Ann Arbor实验室的GM Urban Electric。中心：月球表面的月球漫游车的阿波罗宇航员的电影剪辑。右图：1976年在美国国家航空航天局使用的CitiCar。底部：宇航员James B. Irwin于1971年在Mount Hadley的Lunar Roving Vehicle工作。
资料来源：Frank Lodge / National Archives;美国宇航局（3）
Tightening emission requirements cause auto companies to focus increasingly on alternative-fuel vehicles. In 1997, GM introduces the EV1, making more than 1,000 of the sleek two-seaters and leasing them to customers in California and the Southwest as a market study. The first mass-produced hybrids also go on sale -- Toyota’s Prius and Honda’s Insight -- and Nissan previews its Altra EV minivan, powered by lithiumion batteries (the same type that will be used later in smartphones and Tesla vehicles). Nissan produces an estimated 200 Altra EVs, with initial models going to utility companies -- reminiscent of the Henney Kilowatt.
紧缩排放要求导致汽车公司越来越多地关注替代燃料汽车。 1997年，通用汽车推出了EV1，制造了1,000多个时尚的双座飞机，并将它们作为市场研究出租给加利福尼亚和西南地区的客户。首批量产的混合动力车也将上市销售 - 丰田的普锐斯和本田的Insight - 以及日产预售其采用锂离子电池（后来将用于智能手机和特斯拉汽车的同类型）的Altra EV小型货车。日产生产的估计有200辆Altra电动汽车，其初始车型将运往公用事业公司 - 让人想起Henney Kilowatt。
Top left: A brochure advertising the Nissan Altra from 1997. Bottom left: Toyota Motor Co. President Hiroshi Okuda introduces the Prius in Chiba, Japan, in 1997. Top right: The EV1 debuts in Los Angeles in 1996. Bottom right: A Honda Insight on display in Tokyo in 1999.
Source: Getty Images (3); John Lloyd/Flickr
左上：1997年宣传日产Altra的宣传册。左下：丰田汽车公司总裁奥田硕于1997年在日本千叶推出普锐斯。右上：1996年洛杉矶EV1首次亮相。右下：本田洞察力于1999年在东京展出。
资料来源：Getty Images（3）; John Lloyd / Flickr
Even though drivers love them, GM destroys -- literally -- most of the EV1s when their leases expire, and the market study ends in 2003. The saga is chronicled in the documentary “Who Killed the Electric Car?” 2003 is also the year Marc Tarpenning and Martin Eberhard incorporate Tesla Motors. Elon Musk, PayPal’s co-founder, leads an initial investment of $7.5 million and becomes chairman of the board in 2004. (Musk tweets in 2017 that destruction of the GM cars sparked his interest in an electric-vehicle company.) Tesla launches the Roadster sports car in 2008; it’s the first production EV to use lithium-ion battery cells.尽管司机喜欢他们，但是当他们的租约到期时，通用汽车会摧毁大部分EV1，并且市场研究在2003年结束。这部故事记录在纪录片“谁杀了电动车？”2003年也是一年Marc Tarpenning和Martin Eberhard合并了特斯拉汽车公司。 PayPal的联合创始人Elon Musk领导初期投资750万美元并于2004年成为董事会主席。（2017年马斯克推文称，通用汽车的销毁引发了他对电动汽车公司的兴趣。）特斯拉推出了Roadster 2008年跑车;这是第一款使用锂离子电池的EV生产型电动车。
Top left: An EV1 in 1996. Bottom left: Crushed EV1s at GM’s Desert Proving Grounds in Mesa, Arizona, in 2003. Top right: A Tesla Roadster in 2007. Bottom right: Musk in 2004.
Source: Getty Images (3); EV1 Club
左上：1996年的EV1。左下：2003年在亚利桑那州梅萨的通用汽车沙漠试验场击碎EV1。右上：2007年的特斯拉跑车。右下：马斯克2004年。
资料来源：Getty Images（3）; EV1俱乐部
Nissan’s Leaf goes on sale in 2010; it will become the world’s best-selling electric car. Tesla adds the Model S sedan, Model X SUV and lower-priced Model 3. Musk also announces plans to build an electric Semi truck, which will compete with haulers from companies such as Daimler, maker of Mercedes-Benz luxury cars, and China’s BYD, backed by Warren Buffett. China
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